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hollow$35549$ - перевод на греческий
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![river red gum]], with hollows. The younger trees surrounding it would generally not yet have developed hollows suitable for vertebrate species.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Eucalyptus camaldulensis 01 Pengo.jpg?width=200 "river red gum]], with hollows. The younger trees surrounding it would generally not yet have developed hollows suitable for vertebrate species.")
![Hollows excavated by the [[lesser spotted woodpecker]] (''Picoides minor''). Also fungus, which may also help in the formation of hollows through the decomposition of heartwood.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Dendrocopos minor mushrooms tree brok 1 beentree.jpg?width=200 "Hollows excavated by the [[lesser spotted woodpecker]] (''Picoides minor''). Also fungus, which may also help in the formation of hollows through the decomposition of heartwood.")
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![A sunk-relief depiction of Pharaoh [[Akhenaten]] with his wife [[Nefertiti]] and daughters. The main background has not been removed, merely that in the immediate vicinity of the sculpted form. Note how strong shadows are needed to define the image.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Akhenaten, Nefertiri and three daughers beneath the Aten - Neues Museum - Berlin - Germany 2017 (cropped).jpg?width=200 "A sunk-relief depiction of Pharaoh [[Akhenaten]] with his wife [[Nefertiti]] and daughters. The main background has not been removed, merely that in the immediate vicinity of the sculpted form. Note how strong shadows are needed to define the image.")
![A face of the high-relief ''[[Frieze of Parnassus]]'' round the base of the [[Albert Memorial]] in London. Most of the heads and many feet are completely undercut, but the torsos are "engaged" with the surface behind](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Albert Memorial Friese Facing South - May 2008.jpg?width=200 "A face of the high-relief ''[[Frieze of Parnassus]]'' round the base of the [[Albert Memorial]] in London. Most of the heads and many feet are completely undercut, but the torsos are \"engaged\" with the surface behind")
![Siva]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Banteay Srei in Angkor.jpg?width=200 "Siva]]")
![Life of Christ]]'', c. 1350–1365](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/French - Diptych with Scenes from the Passion of Christ - Walters 71179 - Open.jpg?width=200 "Life of Christ]]'', c. 1350–1365")
![A mid-relief of an [[eagle]] (the [[coat of arms]] of the [[People's Republic of Poland]]), [[Warsaw]] (1955)](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PL Wwa, PKiN, z orlem trybuny, 2010.06.13 (2).jpg?width=200 "A mid-relief of an [[eagle]] (the [[coat of arms]] of the [[People's Republic of Poland]]), [[Warsaw]] (1955)")
![A common mixture of high and low relief, in the Roman [[Ara Pacis]], placed to be seen from below. Low relief ornament at bottom](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Panel of Tellus, Ara Pacis, Rome.jpg?width=200 "A common mixture of high and low relief, in the Roman [[Ara Pacis]], placed to be seen from below. Low relief ornament at bottom")
![Low-relief on Roman [[sestertius]], 238 AD](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/PupienusSest.jpg?width=200 "Low-relief on Roman [[sestertius]], 238 AD")
![A low-relief dating to circa 2000 BC, from the kingdom of [[Simurrum]], modern [[Iraq]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Rock Relief of Iddin-Sin, King of Simurrum.jpg?width=200 "A low-relief dating to circa 2000 BC, from the kingdom of [[Simurrum]], modern [[Iraq]]")
![Parthenon Marbles]]. Some front limbs are actually detached from the background completely, while the [[centaur]]'s left rear leg is in low relief.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/The Parthenon sculptures, British Museum (14063376069) (2) (cropped).jpg?width=200 "Parthenon Marbles]]. Some front limbs are actually detached from the background completely, while the [[centaur]]'s left rear leg is in low relief.")
![High-relief deities at [[Khajuraho]], India](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Western Group of Temples, Khajuraho 20.jpg?width=200 "High-relief deities at [[Khajuraho]], India")
!["Blocked-out" unfinished low relief of [[Ahkenaten]] and [[Nefertiti]]; unfinished Greek and Persian high-reliefs show the same method of beginning a work.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Amarna Neues 05.JPG?width=200 "\"Blocked-out\" unfinished low relief of [[Ahkenaten]] and [[Nefertiti]]; unfinished Greek and Persian high-reliefs show the same method of beginning a work.")
![Zoroastrian]] Nowruz – at the spring [[equinox]] the power of the bull (personifying [[Earth]]) and lion (personifying the [[Sun]]) are equal.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Nowruz Zoroastrian.jpg?width=200 "Zoroastrian]] Nowruz – at the spring [[equinox]] the power of the bull (personifying [[Earth]]) and lion (personifying the [[Sun]]) are equal.")
![Assyrian low relief]], ''[[Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal]]'', North Palace, [[Nineveh]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sculpted reliefs depicting Ashurbanipal, the last great Assyrian king, hunting lions, gypsum hall relief from the North Palace of Nineveh (Irak), c. 645-635 BC, British Museum (16722131531).jpg?width=200 "Assyrian low relief]], ''[[Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal]]'', North Palace, [[Nineveh]]")
![[[Atropos]] cutting the thread of life. Ancient Greek low relief](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Atropos.jpg?width=200 "[[Atropos]] cutting the thread of life. Ancient Greek low relief")
![[[Donatello]], Madonna and Child in ''rilievo stiacciato'' or shallow relief](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Donatello, madonna col bambino a un parapetto, davanti a un arco rotto, 1435 circa - National Gallery of Art, Washington - DSC08597.JPG?width=200 "[[Donatello]], Madonna and Child in ''rilievo stiacciato'' or shallow relief")
![crane]], c. 9,000 BC](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Göbekli Tepe reliefs of animals.jpg?width=200 "crane]], c. 9,000 BC")
![pages=[https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred/page/20 20–21]}}](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Warka_vase_(background_retouched).jpg?width=200 "pages=[https://archive.org/details/gardnersartthrou00fred/page/20 20–21]}}")
![Sunk relief as low relief within a sunk outline, from the [[Luxor Temple]] in Egypt, carved in very hard [[granite]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Luxor temple 15.jpg?width=200 "Sunk relief as low relief within a sunk outline, from the [[Luxor Temple]] in Egypt, carved in very hard [[granite]]")
![Low relief within a sunk outline, linear sunk relief in the [[hieroglyph]]s, and high relief (right), from Luxor](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Luxor Temple 9544.JPG?width=200 "Low relief within a sunk outline, linear sunk relief in the [[hieroglyph]]s, and high relief (right), from Luxor")
![Low to mid-relief, 9th century, [[Borobudur]]. The temple has 1,460 panels of reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Borobudur Relief Panel I.b119, 0972.jpg?width=200 "Low to mid-relief, 9th century, [[Borobudur]]. The temple has 1,460 panels of reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures.")
![Qajar]] era, at [[Tangeh Savashi]] in [[Iran]], which might also be described as two stages of low relief This is a [[rock relief]] carved into a cliff.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Qajari relief.jpg?width=200 "Qajar]] era, at [[Tangeh Savashi]] in [[Iran]], which might also be described as two stages of low relief This is a [[rock relief]] carved into a cliff.")
![The Roman [[Warren Cup]], silver [[repoussé]] work](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Warren Cup BM GR 1999.4-26.1 n2.jpg?width=200 "The Roman [[Warren Cup]], silver [[repoussé]] work")
![bloodletting]] ritual performed by [[Lady Xoc]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Yaxchilan Lintel 24.jpg?width=200 "bloodletting]] ritual performed by [[Lady Xoc]].")
![[[Rock relief]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]]; the Persian [[Sassanian]] emperor [[Shapur I]] (on horseback) with Roman emperors submitting to him](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Naghsh-e rostam, Irán, 2016-09-24, DD 12.jpg?width=200 "[[Rock relief]] at [[Naqsh-e Rustam]]; the Persian [[Sassanian]] emperor [[Shapur I]] (on horseback) with Roman emperors submitting to him")
![Romanesque]] portal of ''[[Christ in Majesty]]'' at [[Moissac]] Abbey moves between low and high relief in a single figure.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Abadia de Saint-Pierre de Moissac - Portalada Sud de Moissac.JPG?width=200 "Romanesque]] portal of ''[[Christ in Majesty]]'' at [[Moissac]] Abbey moves between low and high relief in a single figure.")
![[[Harbaville Triptych]], Byzantine ivory](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Triptych Harbaville Louvre OA3247 recto.jpg?width=200 "[[Harbaville Triptych]], Byzantine ivory")
![The elaborate [[stucco]] (plaster) reliefs decorating the [[Chateau de Fontainebleau]] were hugely influential. Low-relief decorative [[frieze]] above](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Fontainebleau escalier roi5.jpg?width=200 "The elaborate [[stucco]] (plaster) reliefs decorating the [[Chateau de Fontainebleau]] were hugely influential. Low-relief decorative [[frieze]] above")
![Baroque marble high-relief by [[Francesco Grassia]], 1670, Rome](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Adorazione dei pastori - Francesco Grassia.jpg?width=200 "Baroque marble high-relief by [[Francesco Grassia]], 1670, Rome")
.jpg?width=200 "Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, 1897, Boston, combining free-standing elements with high and low relief")
![A relatively modern high relief (depicting shipbuilding) in [[Bishopsgate]], [[London]]. Note that some elements jut out of the frame of the image.](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Relief on building in Bishopsgate, London 2.JPG?width=200 "A relatively modern high relief (depicting shipbuilding) in [[Bishopsgate]], [[London]]. Note that some elements jut out of the frame of the image.")
![[[Elizabeth Wyn Wood]]'s [[Bas-relief]] at [[Toronto Metropolitan University]] in [[Toronto]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bas relief at Ryerson University.jpg?width=200 "[[Elizabeth Wyn Wood]]'s [[Bas-relief]] at [[Toronto Metropolitan University]] in [[Toronto]]")
![Colossal Hindu [[rock relief]]s at [[Unakoti]], [[Tripura]], India](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Unakoti group of bas-relief sculptures, Tripura, India.jpg?width=200 "Colossal Hindu [[rock relief]]s at [[Unakoti]], [[Tripura]], India")
![Paul Gauguin, ''Woman with Mango Fruits'', 1889, painted oak, [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]], Kopenhagen](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Danemark,_Copenhague,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Femme_avec_des_mangues,_par_Paul_Gauguin_en_1889_(33150754946).jpg?width=200 "Paul Gauguin, ''Woman with Mango Fruits'', 1889, painted oak, [[Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek]], Kopenhagen")
![[[Ernst Barlach]], ''Angel of Hope'', 1933, Saint Mary parish church in Güstrow](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/G%C3%BCstrow_Marienkirche_-_Barlach_Engel.jpg?width=200 "[[Ernst Barlach]], ''Angel of Hope'', 1933, Saint Mary parish church in Güstrow")
![[[Henry Moore]], ''Relief No. 1'', 1959, Bronze, at the [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Henry_moore_relife_1_1959.jpg?width=200 "[[Henry Moore]], ''Relief No. 1'', 1959, Bronze, at the [[Israel Museum]], Jerusalem")
![[[Ewald Matare]], main portal with bronze door, 1958–1960, [[St Lambertus, Düsseldorf]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Düsseldorf St Lambertus Portal.jpg?width=200 "[[Ewald Matare]], main portal with bronze door, 1958–1960, [[St Lambertus, Düsseldorf]]")
![Table at the Cliff, [[Keitum]], Sylt, 2019](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/%22Tisch_am_Kliff%22_zum_Thema_%225000_Jahre_Sylter_Geschichte%22_2019_aufgestellt_am_Sylt_Museum_in_Keitum_auf_Sylt.jpg?width=200 "Table at the Cliff, [[Keitum]], Sylt, 2019")
Википедия
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A tree hollow or tree hole is a semi-enclosed cavity which has naturally formed in the trunk or branch of a tree. They are found mainly in old trees, whether living or not. Hollows form in many species of trees, and are a prominent feature of natural forests and woodlands, and act as a resource or habitat for a number of vertebrate and invertebrate animals.
Hollows may form as the result of physiological stress from natural forces causing the excavating and exposure of the heartwood. Forces may include wind, fire, heat, lightning, rain, attack from insects (such as ants or beetles), bacteria, or fungi. Also, trees may self-prune, dropping lower branches as they reach maturity, exposing the area where the branch was attached. Many animals further develop the hollows using instruments such as their beak, teeth or claws.
The size of hollows may depend on the age of the tree. For example, eucalypts develop hollows at all ages, but only from when the trees are 120 years old do they form hollows suitable for vertebrates, and it may take 220 years for hollows suitable for larger species to form.
Hollows in fallen timber are also very important for animals such as echidnas, numbats, chuditch and many reptiles. In streams, hollow logs may be important to aquatic animals for shelter and egg attachment.
Hollows are an important habitat for many wildlife species, especially where the use of hollows is obligate, as this means no other resource would be a feasible substitute. Animals may use hollows as diurnal or nocturnal shelter sites, as well as for rearing young, feeding, thermoregulation, and to facilitate ranging behaviour and dispersal. While use may also be opportunistic, rather than obligate, it may be difficult to determine the nature of a species' relationship to hollows—it may vary across a species' range, or depend on climatic conditions.
Animals will select a hollow based on factors including entrance size and shape, depth, and degree of insulation. Such factors greatly affect the frequency and seasonality of hollow use.
Especially in Europe, entomologists are interested in the use of hollows by invertebrates. One beetle associated with hollow trees, Osmoderma eremita, has been given the highest priority according to the European Union's Habitat Directive.
